pxt-calliope/docs/js/variables.html

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<title>calliope mini - Blocks / Javascript editor - calliope</title>
<meta name="Description" content="A Blocks / JavaScript code editor for the calliope mini." />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="calliope mini - Blocks / Javascript editor - calliope" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="A Blocks / JavaScript code editor for the calliope mini." />
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<meta property="og:description" content="A Blocks / JavaScript code editor for the calliope mini." />
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<h1 id="variable-declarations">Variable Declarations</h1>
<p>Declaring a variable in JavaScript has always traditionally been done with the <code>var</code> keyword.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-typescript"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> a = <span class="hljs-number">10</span>;</code></pre>
<p>The <code>var</code> construct has some <a href="http://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/variable-declarations.html">problems</a>,
which is why <code>let</code> statements were introduced. Apart from the keyword used, <code>let</code> statements are written
the same way <code>var</code> statements are.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-typescript"><span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> a = <span class="hljs-number">10</span>;</code></pre>
<p>The key difference is not in the syntax, but in the semantics, which well now dive into.</p>
<h2 id="block-scoping">Block-scoping</h2>
<p>When a variable is declared using <code>let</code>, it uses what some call <em>lexical-scoping</em> or <em>block-scoping</em>.
Unlike variables declared with <code>var</code> whose scopes leak out to their containing function,
block-scoped variables are not visible outside of their nearest containing block or <code>for</code>-loop.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-typescript"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">f</span>(<span class="hljs-params">input: <span class="hljs-built_in">boolean</span></span>) </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> a = <span class="hljs-number">100</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (input) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Still okay to reference 'a'</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> b = a + <span class="hljs-number">1</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> b;
}
<span class="hljs-comment">// Error: 'b' doesn't exist here</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> b;
}</code></pre>
<p>Here, we have two local variables <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>.
<code>a</code>s scope is limited to the body of <code>f</code> while <code>b</code>s scope is limited to the containing <code>if</code> statements block.</p>
<p>Another property of block-scoped variables is that they cant be read or written to before theyre actually declared.
While these variables are “present” throughout their scope, all points up until their declaration are part of their <em>temporal dead zone</em>.
This is just a sophisticated way of saying you cant access them before the <code>let</code> statement, and luckily TypeScript will let you know that.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-typescript-ignore">a++; <span class="hljs-comment">// illegal to use 'a' before it's declared;</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> a;</code></pre>
<h2 id="re-declarations">Re-declarations</h2>
<p>With <code>var</code> declarations, it doesnt matter how many times you declare your variables, you just get one:</p>
<pre><code class="lang-typescript"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> x = <span class="hljs-number">10</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> x = <span class="hljs-number">20</span>;</code></pre>
<p>In the above example, all declarations of <code>x</code> actually refer to the <em>same</em> <code>x</code>, and this is perfectly valid.
This often ends up being a source of bugs. Thankfully, <code>let</code> declarations are not as forgiving.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-typescript"><span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> x = <span class="hljs-number">10</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> x = <span class="hljs-number">20</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// error: can't re-declare 'x' in the same scope</span></code></pre>
<h2 id="shadowing">Shadowing</h2>
<p>The act of introducing a new name in a more deeply nested scope is called <em>shadowing</em>.
It is a bit of a double-edged sword in that it can introduce certain bugs on its own in the
event of accidental shadowing, while also preventing certain bugs.
For instance, imagine a <code>sumMatrix</code> function using <code>let</code> variables.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-typescript"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">sumMatrix</span>(<span class="hljs-params">matrix: <span class="hljs-built_in">number</span>[][]</span>) </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> sum = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i &lt; matrix.length; i++) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> currentRow = matrix[i];
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i &lt; currentRow.length; i++) {
sum += currentRow[i];
}
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> sum;
}</code></pre>
<p>This version of the loop will actually perform the summation correctly because the inner loops <code>i</code> shadows <code>i</code> from the outer loop.
Shadowing should <em>usually</em> be avoided in the interest of write clearer code, such as</p>
<pre><code class="lang-typescript"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">sumMatrix</span>(<span class="hljs-params">matrix: <span class="hljs-built_in">number</span>[][]</span>) </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> sum = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i &lt; matrix.length; i++) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> currentRow = matrix[i];
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> j = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; j &lt; currentRow.length; j++) {
sum += currentRow[j];
}
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> sum;
}</code></pre>
<p>While there are some scenarios where it may be fitting to take advantage of it, you should use your best judgement.</p>
<h1 id="-const-declarations"><code>const</code> declarations</h1>
<p><code>const</code> declarations are another way of declaring variables.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-typescript"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> numLivesForCat = <span class="hljs-number">9</span>;</code></pre>
<p>They are like <code>let</code> declarations but, as their name implies, their value cannot be changed once they are bound.
In other words, they have the same scoping rules as <code>let</code>, but you cant re-assign to them.</p>
<a class="ui primary button" href="/pxt-calliope/docs/js/operators.html">
<p>NEXT: Operators</p>
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