New guitar project (#264)

docs/projects/guitar.md

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+# Guitar
+![guitar icon](/static/mb/projects/guitar.png)
+### @description A beginner-intermediate maker activity, building a guitar with the micro:bit  
+
+### ~avatar avatar
+
+Make a micro:bit guitar with this guided tutorial! 
+
+### ~
+*playing micro:bit guitar*
+https://youtu.be/GYmdTFvxz80
+
+## Duration
+
+5 Activities, approx 30-45 min each based on familiarity with the coding concepts  
+
+## Materials
+* Cardboard large pieces (recycle!)
+* Tape (masking, duct Tape, and/or packing tape)
+* Markers and/or paint
+* Aluminum Foil
+* Scissors that can cut cardboard  
+* 1 micro:bit, battery holder and 2 AAA batteries
+* 4-5 Crocodile clips
+* Headphones
+
+## Activities
+* [Making the Guitar Body](/projects/guitar/making)  
+* [Buttons, Display & Sound](/projects/guitar/displaybuttons)  
+* [Light Sensor Tone control](/projects/guitar/lightsensor)  
+* [Accelerometer Beat control](/projects/guitar/accelerometer)  
+* [Pin Press Switch](/projects/guitar/pinpress)  
+
+### ~button /projects/guitar/making
+Let's get started!
+### ~

docs/projects/guitar/accelerometer.md

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+# Accelerometer Beat control
+
+### @description micro:bit guitar: using accelerometer to control tempo
+
+### ~avatar avatar
+
+Use the Accelerometer to control guitar tempo
+* Duration: 30 - 45 minutes
+* Concepts:
+     * Gravity
+     * Acceleration
+     * X, Y, Z coordinates
+     * Tempo
+     * Beat
+     * Mapping
+     * Graphing
+     * Absolute value
+
+### ~  
+
+*accelerometer controlled tempo*  
+https://youtu.be/h_gPkBaVkoo
+TODO: add sound to video
+## Blocks
+
+```cards
+input.acceleration(Dimension.Y)
+music.setTempo(120)
+pins.map(0, 0, 1023,60, 320)
+Math.abs(1)            
+```
+
+## Accelerometer, gravity and tilting!
+
+The micro:bit contains an **accelerometer** sensor that is able to measure forces applied to the board.
+On earth, we are subject to the **gravity force** which pulls us to the ground!
+
+https://youtu.be/0SULoTKmkhI
+
+When the micro:bit is flat on a table, with the screen pointing up, the gravity force is aligned
+with the **Z** axis of the micro:bit. 
+
+![micro:bit x, y, z axis image](/static/mb/projects/guitar/accelleration_axis.png)  
+
+If you tilt it up and down, the force will align with the **Y** axis -- this is how we can detect tilting!!!
+If the force along **Y** grows, the micro:bit is tilting more and more vertically!
+
+## Measuring Acceleration along different coordinates (X, Y, Z axis)  
+
+The acceleration block approximately measures **milli-g**, which is 1/1000 of a **g** or the 
+acceleration of gravity. 
+
+### Step 1: Graphing acceleration 
+```blocks
+basic.forever(() => {
+    led.plotBarGraph(input.acceleration(Dimension.Y), 1023)
+})
+```
+**Create the code** that measures the change in the Y axis acceleration as a graph on the LEDs  
+  
+**Dowload the code** to the micro:bit 
+  
+**Test the movements that move the graph from 1 to 5 bars on the LEDs** 
+
+### Extra
+
+Try graphing the acceleration along the **X** and **Z** axis. Can you explain the differences?
+
+### ~hint  
+## Mapping  
+**It is common to map one standard to another - such as with temperature**  
+![Fahrenheit to Celsius](/static/mb/projects/guitar/map_analogy.png "Fahrenheit to Celsius")  
+### ~
+
+### Step 2: Mapping acceleration to Beat
+**micro:bit sensors produce signal values between 0 to 1023. The *[map block](/reference/pins/map)* converts the signal to a desired range.**    
+```blocks
+basic.forever(() => {
+        music.setTempo(pins.map(Math.abs(input.acceleration(Dimension.Y)),
+            0, 1023,
+            60, 320))
+         music.playTone(Note.C, music.beat(BeatFraction.Quarter));
+})
+```  
+
+**Create the code** that *Maps*  Y axis acceleration as *tempo*  
+  
+**Download the code** to the micro:bit on the guitar  
+  
+**Test the movements that speed and slow the tempo**  
+
+### Step 3: Combine with light sensor tone control  
+**Put it all together!**
+
+```blocks
+basic.forever(() => {
+        music.setTempo(pins.map(Math.abs(input.acceleration(Dimension.Y)),
+            0, 1023,
+            60, 320))
+        music.playTone(
+            input.lightLevel() * 25,
+            music.beat(BeatFraction.Quarter)
+        );
+})
+```  
+**Combine the code above with the light sensor tone control code from the previous activity**
+  
+**Download the code** to the micro:bit on the guitar    
+
+###  Now play the guitar adjusting tone and tempo using the light sensor and accelerometer!
+
+### ~button /projects/guitar/pinpress
+NEXT: Pin Press on/off
+### ~

docs/projects/guitar/displaybuttons.md

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+# Buttons, Display & Sound
+### @description micro:bit guitar: using buttons with display and sound
+
+### ~avatar avatar
+Use Button Events to control LED Display and play Sound  
+* **Concepts:**
+     * Events
+     * Tone/Note
+     * Sequence
+
+### ~
+
+## Duration: 30 - 45 minutes
+
+## Materials
+
+A micro:bit, battery pack and 2 x AAA batteries
+
+![battery pack and micro:bit](/static/mb/projects/guitar/microbit.jpg)
+
+2 to 4 crocodile clips
+
+![crocodile clips](/static/mb/projects/guitar/crocclips.jpg)
+
+Headphones
+
+![earbud headphones](/static/mb/projects/guitar/headphones.jpg)
+
+## Blocks
+
+```cards
+    basic.showLeds(`
+        . # . # .
+        . . . . .
+        . # # # .
+        . # . # .
+        . # # # .
+        `);
+input.onButtonPressed(Button.A, () => {});
+music.playTone(Note.C, music.beat(BeatFraction.Quarter))
+music.rest(music.beat(BeatFraction.Whole))
+music.beat(BeatFraction.Quarter)
+```
+
+## Step 1: Make a Smiley 
+Open [codethemicrobit.com](https://codethemicrobit.com) in your web browser   
+```blocks
+    basic.showLeds(`
+        . # . # .
+        . . . . .
+        . # # # .
+        . # . # .
+        . # # # .
+        `);
+```
+From **Basics**, drag a **show LEDs** block into the coding area  
+  * Create a face with LEDs  
+
+![micro:bit USB connection](/static/mb/projects/guitar/connectmicrobit.jpg)  
+Connect your micro:bit to your computer via USB and click **`Download`**. 
+Follow the instructions to move the code to your micro:bit.  
+
+## Step 2: Add Smiley LED Button Events 
+```blocks
+input.onButtonPressed(Button.A, () => {
+    basic.showLeds(`
+        . # . # .
+        . . . . .
+        . # # # .
+        . # . # .
+        . # # # .
+        `)
+})
+input.onButtonPressed(Button.B, () => {
+    basic.showLeds(`
+        . # . # .
+        . . . . .
+        . . . . .
+        # . . . #
+        . # # # .
+        `)
+})
+```
+
+From **Input**, drag an **on button 'A' pressed** block into the coding area  
+
+* Snap the LED face into the block  
+
+* Create a 'B' button block with a different LED face   
+
+* Download the code to your micro:bit and try the A & B buttons  
+
+
+## Step 3: Add Headphone Speakers using Crocodile clips
+
+![crocodile clips attached to pins 0 and GND](/static/mb/projects/guitar/crocclipintoboard.jpg)  
+
+![crocodile clips attached to headphone jack](/static/mb/projects/guitar/jacktocrocs.jpg)  
+Connect **GND** to the **base of the headphone jack** using a second crocodile clip (usually black)  
+
+Connect **pin 0** to the **tip of the headphone jack** with a crocodile clip  
+
+*attaching batteries and micro:bit*  
+https://youtu.be/zwRTmpKIaVU  
+Attach the micro:bit & battery-pack to the guitar body  
+
+*connecting headphone speaker*  
+https://youtu.be/ewyEW_U5G9M  
+Connect the headphones with crocodile clips    
+  
+### ~hint
+## The micro:bit can play music
+
+The **play tone** block allows a range letter note tones from **C** to **B5**.   
+Songs are played using sequences notes.   Like the beginning of a birthday song (C, C, D, C, F, E).
+```blocks
+input.onButtonPressed(Button.A, () => {
+    music.playTone(Note.C, music.beat(BeatFraction.Quarter))
+    music.rest(music.beat(BeatFraction.Whole))
+    music.playTone(Note.C, music.beat(BeatFraction.Quarter))
+    music.rest(music.beat(BeatFraction.Whole))
+    music.playTone(Note.D, music.beat(BeatFraction.Quarter))
+    music.rest(music.beat(BeatFraction.Whole))
+    music.playTone(Note.C, music.beat(BeatFraction.Quarter))
+    music.rest(music.beat(BeatFraction.Whole))
+    music.rest(music.beat(BeatFraction.Whole))
+    music.playTone(Note.F, music.beat(BeatFraction.Half))
+    music.rest(music.beat(BeatFraction.Whole))
+    music.playTone(Note.E, music.beat(BeatFraction.Whole))
+})
+```
+### ~
+## Step 4: Add Tone Playing Events for Buttons A & B
+```blocks
+input.onButtonPressed(Button.A, () => {
+    basic.showLeds(`
+        . # . # .
+        . . . . .
+        . # # # .
+        . # . # .
+        . # # # .
+        `)
+    music.playTone(Note.A, music.beat(BeatFraction.Whole))
+})
+input.onButtonPressed(Button.B, () => {
+    basic.showLeds(`
+        . # . # .
+        . . . . .
+        . . . . .
+        # . . . #
+        . # # # .
+        `)
+    music.playTone(Note.G, music.beat(BeatFraction.Whole))
+})
+```  
+From **Music**, drag **play tone *C* for *1* beat** block under the **show leds** in **Button A Pressed**  
+
+  * modify **tone** by choosing a note (*letter*) and experiment with high and low pitches  
+  * set **beat** to 1  
+   
+**Repeat** for **Button B** event  
+  
+**Download the code** to the micro:bit  
+
+**Try the A & B buttons** with headphones and power connected
+  
+## Congratulations on completing the basic guitar!   
+**Challenge:** Create Samples of longer music to play for each button instead of the single tone
+  * *Tip*: Search for "ABC music notation" or "Easy Music Notes" + the name of a song
+
+## Extra
+
+* [Smiley Buttons tutorial](/projects/smiley-buttons)
+* [Hack your headphones](/projects/hack-your-headphones)
+
+
+### ~button /projects/guitar/lightsensor
+NEXT: Light Sensor Tone Control
+### ~

docs/projects/guitar/lightsensor.md

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+# Light Sensor Tone control
+
+### @description micro:bit guitar: using light sensor to control tone
+
+### ~avatar avatar
+
+Use the Light Sensor to control guitar Tone
+* **Duration:** 30 - 45 minutes
+* **Concepts:**
+     * Inputs
+     * Light Intensity
+     * Tone/Frequency
+     * Ratio Mapping
+     * Forever Loop
+     * Math (multiplication) with code properties  
+* **Resources:**
+     * This guitar is inspired by the [Theremin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin)
+
+### ~  
+
+*playing tones with light sensor*  
+https://youtu.be/2cKg9pokVC4
+
+## The micro:bit LEDs Light Sensors 
+
+- the micro:bit can detect external light level intensity reaching the LEDs 
+- the light level block reports a reading of values 0 (*dark*) to 255 (*bright*)
+- a **Forever Loop** is required to continually use measure the current light level to control the tone 
+
+## Forever Loop
+
+The forever loop really does run forever.  The forever loop is useful when there is a need to continually check for an event or use a changing value in code.
+
+## Blocks
+
+```cards
+basic.forever(() => {})
+input.lightLevel()
+led.plotBarGraph(0, 255)
+music.playTone(Note.C, music.beat(BeatFraction.Quarter))
+```
+
+## Step 1: Create a light level detector
+```blocks
+basic.forever(() => {
+    led.plotBarGraph(input.lightLevel(), 255)
+})
+```
+**Build the  blocks**
+  * From **Basic** drag a **forever loop** block into the coding area  
+  * From **Led** drag a **plot bar graph** block into the **forever loop**  
+  * From **Input** drag a **light level** block into **plot bar graph *of***  
+  
+**Set the *plot bar graph* value *up to* = *255* **  
+
+## Step 2: Test the light required to move the bar graph height  
+
+*graphing light input*  
+https://youtu.be/pqU7bTcfQ_s  
+Experiment to see the effect on graph height when the **plot bar graph** value ***up to*** is changed  
+
+**255 is the maximum light input reading**, try numbers smaller than 255 
+**Find a value** that allows the graph to show 1 - 5 bars  
+
+### ~hint
+### Frequency  
+**Frequency** measured in Hz  which are cycles per second or vibrations per second  
+  * A healthy human ear can detect frequencies in the range of 20Hz to 20,000Hz.  
+  * The micro:bit + headphones reliably produce detectable output ~50Hz - 6,000Hz.  
+
+**261Hz** represents a C note
+```blocks
+music.playTone(261, music.beat(BeatFraction.Half))
+```
+**play tone** blocks can specify a specific numeric  **Frequency**   
+by replacing the letter note 261Hz represents a **C** note with a **number** block
+```blocks
+music.playTone(261, music.beat(BeatFraction.Half))
+```
+### ~  
+
+## Step 3: Multiply Frequency using Math blocks
+ ```blocks
+input.onButtonPressed(Button.A, () => {
+    music.playTone(261 * 2, music.beat(BeatFraction.Half))
+})
+```  
+create a **play tone** block using a **Math** section, **multiplication** block to set *tone*   
+
+### Next  
+**Add** a **B** button block that multiplies the **261** tone by a number other than 2 to set tone 
+  
+**Download the code to the micro:bit**  
+
+**Test the sound for multiples of the 261Hz *C* frequency**  
+  
+## Step 4: Control the Frequency with the light input
+```blocks
+basic.forever(() => {
+    music.playTone(input.lightLevel() * 25, music.beat(BeatFraction.Quarter))
+})
+```
+**Create a *forever loop* containing a *play tone* block**  
+  
+**Set *tone*, using *Math* multiplication block that multiplies *light level* input by 25**  
+or experiment with multipliers larger and smaller than 25  
+  
+**Test light tone control on the guitar**  
+Cover the LEDs with your hand to vary light detected to control the tone  
+
+## Good work, this guitar is sounding good!
+**Challenge:** Create a variable for the light level multiplier that you can change using buttons (optional)  
+
+### ~button /projects/guitar/accelerometer  
+NEXT: Accelerometer Beat control  
+### ~

docs/projects/guitar/making.md

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+# Making the Guitar Body
+### @description Maker Project for Guitar Body for micro:bit  
+
+### ~avatar avatar
+
+Make the Guitar Body for your micro:bit Guitar
+
+### ~
+
+## Duration: ~45 minutes
+
+## Materials
+  * Cardboard large pieces (recycle!)
+  * Tape (masking, duct Tape, and/or packing tape)
+  * Scissors that can cut cardboard  
+  * Markers and/or paint  
+
+![Materials: cardboard, tape, scissors, markers](/static/mb/projects/guitar/materials.jpg)
+
+## Step 1: Design the body
+*tracing the guitar design*
+https://youtu.be/xMSrWaOZkFg
+
+* Search for [Guitar Silhouette](https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Guitar+Silhouettes) design ideas and customize
+the shape of your guitar
+* Trace the design on a flat piece of cardboard (40-80 cm is best)
+
+### ~hint
+
+   * Avoid small details that are difficult to cut into cardboard
+   * Unfolding a box gives longer pieces of cardboard, and creases can be reinforced
+
+### ~
+
+## Step 2: Cut out the body
+*cutting the cardboard*
+https://youtu.be/aUQkrFoEank
+
+
+## Step 3: Personalize the Guitar
+
+Create unique styling using tape, markers, paint and other available materials (*calling all artist!*)  
+
+*decorating the guitar*
+https://youtu.be/zNAZTJeSxY8
+
+Everyone can come up with a unique design!  
+
+![guitar design samples](/static/mb/projects/guitar/otherdesigns.jpg)
+
+## Extra!
+*strengthening the guitar*  
+https://youtu.be/q0GkQdJmxjE
+
+Strengthen the guitar next with an angled cardboard strip (*optional*).  
+  
+### ~button /projects/guitar/displaybuttons
+NEXT: Buttons, Display and Sound
+### ~

docs/projects/guitar/pinpress.md

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+# Pin Press Switch
+
+### @description micro:bit guitar: use pin press to toggle guitar play on/off
+
+### ~avatar avatar
+Use pin press to switch guitar play on/off
+* **Duration:** approximately 45 minutes
+* **Materials:**
+   * 2-3 Crocodile clips
+* Concepts:
+    * Circuit  
+    * Conductor 
+    * Variable/Global-Variable  
+    * Conditional: **`if`**, **`else`**  
+    * Boolean: **`True`/`False`**
+### ~
+
+## Blocks
+
+```cards
+var on = false
+on;
+if (on) { } else {}
+input.onPinPressed(TouchPin.P1, () => {})
+```
+
+
+
+### ~hint
+## Circuits & Switches
+* **Circuits** need a power supply (battery), a resister (like a LED) & a conductor (metal, water, hand)  
+* **Switches** turn electric power on by closing (completing) a circuit with a conductor so power can flow  
+
+**Metal foil and wires make excellent conductors**  
+
+**In this activity we use YOU to conduct electricity**  
+**to close the circuit that switches the guitar ON and OFF!**  
+### ~
+
+## Step 1: Pin Press Test  
+
+```blocks
+input.onPinPressed(TouchPin.P0, () => {
+    basic.showNumber(0)
+})
+input.onPinPressed(TouchPin.P1, () => {
+    basic.showNumber(1)
+})
+input.onPinPressed(TouchPin.P2, () => {
+    basic.showNumber(2)
+})
+```  
+**Create the pin-press code**  
+
+**Download the code** on the micro:bit 
+
+https://youtu.be/PAIU-vHqyGU  
+
+**Hold the micro:bit touching The GND pin with one hand**  
+**with the other hand alternately touch the 0, 1 and 2 pins**  
+  
+### ~hint
+**The electric signal traveled from pins, between your hands to `GND` and the micro:bit detected the electric signal!**  
+### ~  
+  
+## Step 2: Installing conductive foil on the guitar  
+https://youtu.be/NX0ECcpXFes  
+**Add foil to the guitar body where it is easy to touch while playing**   
+
+**Connect the foil to `GND` using a crocodile clip**  
+
+https://youtu.be/YkymZGNmkrE  
+**Add foil to the guitar neck**  
+  
+**Connect the foil to `pin 1` using a crocodile clip**  
+
+## Step 3: Add a switch to turn the guitar ON and OFF  
+**Using the `on` global variable we can switch the message on the micro:bit**   
+**between ON and OFF**  
+```blocks
+let on = false
+basic.forever(() => {
+    if (on == true) {
+        basic.showString("ON")
+    } else {
+        basic.showString("OFF")
+    }
+})
+input.onPinPressed(TouchPin.P1, () => {
+    if (on == true) {
+        on = false
+    } else {
+        on = true
+    }
+})
+``` 
+**Create the ON/OFF switch code**  
+
+**Download the code on the micro:bit**   
+ 
+**Test by touching `P1` to toggle the LED message between ON and OFF**
+
+*Final code*
+TODO: do we want to use `on = !on;` or be more direct in flipping the switch? `on = true; on = false;`
+```blocks
+var on = false
+basic.forever(() => {
+    if (on) {
+        music.setTempo(pins.map(Math.abs(input.acceleration(Dimension.Y)),
+            0, 1023,
+            60, 320))
+        music.playTone(
+            input.lightLevel() * 25,
+            music.beat(BeatFraction.Quarter)
+        );
+    } else {
+        music.rest(music.beat())
+    }
+})
+input.onPinPressed(TouchPin.P1, () => {
+    on = !on;
+})
+```  
+## Now Play! 
+**Turn the guitar ON and OFF with a pin press on the connected foil**  
+**touching both pieces of foil at the same time to connect the switches**  
+  
+https://youtu.be/GYmdTFvxz80